Selection pressure may be reduced because of alternating herbicides with different SOAs, little continuous herbicide use, and/or using herbicides with low residual activity. Other plants like orchids or stems of treeferns Cyathea sp. Domestication of cultivated finger millet, E. coracana started around 5000 years ago in Western Uganda and the Ethiopian highlands and the crop extended to the Western Ghats of India around 3000 BC (Hilu et al., 1979; Hilu and de Wet, 1976). Friedhelm Göltenboth, ... Peter Widmann, in Ecology of Insular Southeast Asia, 2006. Local herbal remedies should only be used under the guidance of a knowledgeable herbal medicine practioner! Eleusine indica, the Indian goosegrass, yard-grass, goosegrass, wiregrass, or crowfootgrass, is a species of grass in the family Poaceae.It is a small annual grass distributed throughout the warmer areas of the world to about 50 degrees latitude. E. heterophylla is a broadleaved weed capable of rapid growth and multiplication that can become a serious problem in upland rice‐based rotations, and Striga spp. Eleusine indica Name Synonyms Agropyron geminatum (Spreng.) Of significance is the relatively recent selection of a glyphosate-resistant biotype of Lolium rigidum.27-29. The nymphs were reported to measure about 0.9, 1.3, 2.0, 2.8, and 3.2 mm long, respectively, in instars 1–5 by Quaintance (1898a). Crop interference by purple sedge was not high, and other weeds could be removed during 60–70 DAP, ensuring reduced labor input cost, commensurate with higher rhizome yield. Air-borne spores cause infection of the flower. Eleusine indica is a cespitose annual grass introduced from the Old World (Radford et al.1964; Steyermark 1963). However the earthquake and subsequent tsunami of 2004 caused considerable damage to the mangrove stands (Chaudhuri et al., 2009; Roy and Krishnan, 2005) of these islands due to submergence of roots permanently under water caused by submergence and elevation of land, reducing the stands by 20 km2 with a small revival of 2 km2 after 2009 (Anonymous, 2011). Egg parasites, Anagrus spp. All small millets are affected by various types of smuts in almost all growing regions. This delphacid is attended by ant species, though the attending ants differ in the various regions of the world. Out of that, 614 km2was in Andaman with only 3 km2 spreads in Nicobar Islands. Plants flower in summer and early fall and then die after frost. Table 2. Sagnia B, Fedeli D, Casetti R, Montesano C, Falcioni G, Colizzi V (2014) Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of extracts from Cassia alata, Eleusine indica, Eremomastax speciosa, Carica papaya and Polyscias fulva medicinal plants collected in Cameroon. The front wings (when present) are greenish or brownish, darker distally. Eleusine indica is a tufted annual grass belonging to the family poaceae formally … Sources:Altom and Murray (1996), Benvenuti et al. POACEAE / Plants For Use (3) C-glycosylflavones from the aerial parts of Eleusine indica inhibit LPS … Moreover, in each rice production ecosystem, there are usually only a few problem weeds in terms of the severity of competition or difficulty of control (Johnson and Kent, 2002). Thirum., Shaw and Naras. On such young plants, females oviposit in roots and in the below-ground portion of the stem. Hossain et al. He suggested integrating biological weed management practices using rabbits, goats, sheep, ducks, cover crops, or intercrops to control weeds in turmeric fields. Because of morphological similarity between E. coracana and the weed Eleusine Africana, Channaveeraiah and Hiremath (1974) suggested that these two plant species are genetically related, suggesting hence that the cultivated millet might have possibly derived from the wild weed through selection and further genetic mutation. Herbicide use must be carefully managed in order to preserve these valuable agronomic tools. Oxyfluorfen at 0.15 kg/ha led to maximum rhizome yield followed by Oxadiazon at 1 kg/ha, Fluchloralin at 1.5 kg/ha, and Pendimethalin at 1 kg/ha, in this order. (1977) reported that application of the weedicide Alachlor (a patented product easily available in India) at the rate of 2 kg/ha led to effective weed control, as compared to manual weeding, leading to good cost–benefit ratio. Lythraceae (Pemphis acidula, Sonneratia alba, Sonneratia caseolaris, Santiria griffithii). africana has two wild races, africana and spontanea, while subsp. coracana, and are completely cross-compatible and produce fertile hybrids (Mehra, 1962; Hiremath and Salimath, 1992). Rubiaceae (Scyphiphora hydrophylacea) (Kathiresan, 2008; Ragavan et al., 2016). Goose grass also known as Eleusine indica (EI) is a local medicinal plant that displays antioxidant, antimicrobial and anticancer activities. Figure 2. It is in flower from July to August, and the seeds ripen from August to October. Acanthaceae (Avicennia marina, Avicennia officinalis, Acanthus ilicifolius). Iqbal M(1), Gnanaraj C. Author information: (1)Biotechnology … A certain amount of soil-borne infection has also been observed. In this disease the affected panicle is transformed into a compact, silver colored, cylindrical spike that looks like an incense stick much resembling an agarbatti or udbatta and hence the name. Although development time was rapid when nymphs were fed on corn; survivorship was higher when nymphs were provided with sorghum and barnyardgrass. By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. The ants collect honeydew produced by the delphacids, sometimes building shelters for the delphacids, and fending off wasp parasitoids (Dejean et al., 1996). Finger millet (Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.) Preemergence herbicides labeled for use in ornamental plant production and landscapes to … Finally, the whole ear gives a bush-like appearance displaying the typical “green ear” symptom. Species showing preference for light for germination have the potential to be more prevalent in continuous NT systems in which a large proportion of weed seeds remains on the surface and exposed to light (Chauhan and Johnson, 2008b; Chauhan et al., 2006c,d). Also contributing to the non-appearance of resistance is the probable low initial frequency of resistant biotypes that may be due to multiple sites being inhibited or resistance mechanisms not being readily available. Several overlapping generations occur during the summer or growing period. Partial or whole ears including lemma, palea and glumes are converted into narrow leafy structures. The short-winged forms measure about 3 mm long, whereas the body of the long-winged forms measure about 2–2.6 mm. The general biology and appearance were described by Quaintance (1898a) and Verma (1955), but Tsai (1996) and Tsai and Wilson (1996) gave more detailed descriptions of morphology and development. Goosegrass begins to germinate a few weeks after crabgrass. The race compacta has no subraces (de Wet et al., 1984; Prasada Rao and de Wet, 1997). Early weed establishment was found in shallow planted turmeric (at 4 cm depth), causing nutrient deficiency and reduced rhizome yield (Ishimine et al., 2003). Caprifoliaceae). It is a tetraploid and self-pollinating species probably evolved from its wild relative Eleusine … Seed treatment with fungicides is advisable for management of the disease. Glensine marginataLindl. Several natural enemies have been imported into Hawaii, where corn delphacid was especially damaging. It could be highly destructive leading to a total crop failure owing to malformation of the affected ears. Early colonizers of ash slopes are genera of sedges, Vaccinium, Gaultheria, Rhododendron and Gleichenia. (2014) suggest E. indica as the primary A genome parent, while E. tristachya or its extinct sister or ancestor as the secondary A genome parent for derivation of E. coracana, while B genome donor is extinct. Classification of Goose grass (Eleusine indica). Eleusine indica was evaluate for hepatoprotective effects … Young nymphs frequent leaf sheaths and other sheltered locations, presumably in response to the higher moisture levels found there. The general body color is whitish, becomes yellowish by the third instar, but slightly darker dorsally during the latter instars. Downy growth of the pathogen, shredding of infected leaves, and malformation of floral organs is common in foxtail millet. Among cultivated crops, corn delphacid feeds principally on corn and sorghum. Not for the casual reader., 283. The Paragis likewise contains protein that will give more medicinal benefits to one’s body. Once resistance to a herbicide has been documented in L. rigidum, the time required for resistance to appear for subsequently-applied herbicides apparently decreases.30 Is this phenomenon generally true for all herbicides? Eleusine indica Gaertn or Wiregrass (grass family Poaceae), is used in traditional medicine as a diuretic, anti-helminthic, febrifuge and for treating cough [27], [28]. Four are tetraploids, namely, E. coracana (2n = 4x = 36, AABB), Eleusine africana (2n = 4x = 36, AABB) and Eleusine kigeziensis (2n = 4x = 36, AADD), and Eleusine reniformis (2n = 4x = 36); Seven are diploids with a basic chromosome number of 8 in Eleusine multiflora (2n = 2x = 16, CC), 9 in Eleusine indica (2n = 2x = 18, AA), Eleusine tristachya (2n = 18, AA), Eleusine floccifolia (2n = 18, BB), Eleusine intermedia (2n = 18, AB), and Eleusine verticillata (2n = 2x = 18), and 10 in Eleusine jaegeri (2n = 2x = 20, DD) (Hiremath and Chennaveeraiah, 1982; Neves et al., 2005; Dwivedi et al., 2012). The total mangrove area in India was estimated to be about 4662.56 km2, out of which 617 km2 (13.23%) occurred in Andaman and Nicobar Islands. However, the best Herbs for dry cough are Liquorice, hyssop and Eucalyptus. An infected panicle fails to produce the normal grain and the panicle becomes sterile. The present study is to determine the … Leonard L. Saari, in Pesticide Chemistry and Bioscience, 1999, Most major economic classes of herbicide have resistance with which to contend. Cassia alata are used against yellow fever or malaria, and as anti asthmatics, or anti diabetics [24,25,26]. Figure 2 plots the time of active ingredient introduction (into the literature, not agronomic use) and the time of appearance of resistance for those herbicides associated with resistance as a function of SOA/MOA. The genus Eleusine comprises about 9 species and East Africa is considered its centre of diversification with eight species: E. africana, E. coracana, E. kigeziensis, E. indica… Successful management of these will likely follow the application of practices that integrate cultural measures of land preparation, water management and rotations, and, especially in the direct‐seeded systems, the judicious use of herbicides. A temperature range of 20–25°C that occurs during night time and early morning favors spore germination. A. Nagaraja, I.K. The greenish outer tunica of the sorus gradually turns pinkish green and finally to dirty black on drying. Large scale projects like mines or power plants require infrastructure. Actually, it’s a weed-grown abundantly but you will be surprised to know its amazing health benefits of Paragis grass. Infected plants are usually stunted and occasionally the white mycelia and conidia form narrow stripes on the flag leaves along the veins prior to panicle emergence. Consequently, any soil tillage operation that brings seeds to the surface, even for an instant, probably provides sufficient light to meet the requirements for most seeds. Medicinal Plants of China Publication Author Duke. In the recent studies conducted the total mangrove cover is estimated to be 4627.63 km2 in India which spread among 12 maritime states and union territories. are collected for their ornamental value (Pennafiel, 1994). form a strategic partnership called N.C. John L. Capinera, in Handbook of Vegetable Pests, 2001. Early botanists suggested a probable Indian origin for finger millet from its wild progenitor Eleusine indica… The green ear disease or crazy top downy mildew of finger millet is caused by Sclerophthora macrospora (Sacc.) Greater understanding of species biology can contribute to weed management in different ways. Yes, it is used to cure dry Cough. Eleusine distachya Nees Eleusine … Gill et al. Both males and females occur in each form. Under normal daylight conditions, exposure of seeds to light flashes from several μ s to 1 s is sufficient to stimulate germination (Hartmann and Nezadal, 1990; Scopel et al., 1994). A complete generation requires about 30 days. The subsp. Infestation levels of these parasitic weeds can therefore be reduced through rotations with nonhost crops. The mean oviposition rate is 19.6 eggs per day, with a lifetime fecundity of about 605 eggs. Udbatta is a panicle disease commonly observed in India on foxtail millet, kodo millet and little millet. In spite of resistance, herbicides remain useful in most parts of the world. K.P. Application of weedicide + one manual weeding was more economic than the common practice of farmers, which is two manual weedings. Keys to the nymphal instars were also provided by Tsai and Wilson (1986). Information on these aspects is very limited, however, for weed species occurring in the tropics. Duration of the eggs stage is normally 7–10 days. Cooperative Extension, which staffs local offices in all 100 counties and with the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians. Gramineae). They produce large amount of organic matter and act as sink for CO2. Considered to be of Indian or African origin, perhaps a cultigen of the wild species Eleusine indica. Ambayeba Muimba-Kankolongo, in Food Crop Production by Smallholder Farmers in Southern Africa, 2018. Around sulphur vents the closest found plants are Vaccinium varingaefolium and Selaginella feei. Read our Commitment to Diversity | Read our Privacy Statement. Weed biomass was reduced significantly with turmeric grown from seed bits of 30–40 g because larger seed bits provided higher shoots and better canopy (Alam et al., 2003; Ishimine et al., 2003). As an example, if environmental conditions are favorable, S. hermonthica continues to reproduce after crop harvest, contributing considerably to the total seed production (Rodenburg et al., 2006a). The higher species density cover of 5.679 Nos./m2 was recorded at Aerial Bay. Germination of various weed species has different responses to light and darkness. While long residual properties are common to many of the herbicides that have selected for resistance, such as some of the PSII and ALS inhibitors, it is more likely that sequential applications played the key role for the selection pressure imposed by PSI diverters. Stems do not root at the nodes. The wing pads are first apparent during the fourth instar, extending back to about the middle of the first abdominal segment. Nambali Valsalan Vinithkumar, ... Nambali Valsalan Sujathkumar, in Biodiversity and Climate Change Adaptation in Tropical Islands, 2008. (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) were established in Hawaii for suppression of corn delphacid, but their effectiveness is uncertain. These cultivated races are further divided into subraces; laxa, reclusa, and sparsa in race elongata; seriata, confundere, and grandigluma in race plana; and liliacea, stellata, incurvata, and digitata in race vulgaris. A Large Image of Eleusine indica (Indian goosegrass) from the USDA PLANTS database in Tomato, Pepper, Cucurbits, and Strawberry 3 Management Physical and Cultural Control In plasticulture production systems, goosegrass can be controlled with the use … Scientific name: Eleusine indica: Previous name used in the website: Synonyms: Family name: POACEAE: English name: Local name: Wal kurakkan (වල් කුරක්කන්) / Belathana (බැලතණ) ** 8.4.2.1.1 Origin of Finger Millet. Both tillage and herbicides are … ; This species is accepted, and its native range is Tropical & Subtropical Old World. Queries on Eleusine Indica. Medicinal uses of Goose grass (Eleusine indica). Asteraceae) is confined to volcanoes. Targeting the limited number of problem weed species, rather than all species occurring in a field, could help reduce labor requirements without compromising farm profits. Meliaceae (Xylocarpus granatum, Xylocarpus moluccensis). If active, physical changes can be dramatic. E. S. Publisher Reference Publications, Inc. Year 1985 ISBN 0-917256-20-4 Description Details of over 1,200 medicinal plants of China and brief details of their uses. Streets and power lines do not only destroy and disrupt forests, but also enable squatters to settle in formerly undisturbed forest tracts. Green ear or crazy top downy mildew. A range of wild species has value as medicinal, food, or other functions and is therefore not controlled (e.g., Hillocks, 1998). Annual wild rice such as O. barthii, on the other hand, reproduce only through seed and their control requires the use of rice seed free of wild rice as a contaminant and hand rouging of wild rice in the field before seed setting and shattering occurs (Delouche et al., 2007). The emergence pattern, growth and yield of turmeric plants, and weed growth in the field experiment suggested that turmeric planting should be done in April followed by March in Okinawa, Japan (Ishimine et al., 2004). Seeds of E. indica are edible and are sometimes used as a famine food, but yields are low. Two types of smuts are reported on barnyard millet, head smut (Ustilago crus-galli Tracy & Earle) and grain smut (Ustilago panici-frumentacei Brefeld). Knowledge of seed germination ecology of different weed species with relevance to rice production systems in Africa (e.g., Chauhan and Johnson, 2008a–d) is useful for the design of targeted control options, such as tillage practices or crop residue management. (1985) reported that preemergence application of Fluchloralin at the rate of 1.0 and 1.5 kg/ha, Oxidiazon at the same rate as above (Oxyfluorfen at 0.15 and 0.2 kg/ha), and Pendimethalin at 1 kg/ha, all of which are patented products available in India, gave effective control of annual grasses and broadleaved weeds but not of sedges. Systematic breeding for the development of smut resistance variety has not been common. Udbatta. Six weed species, Alopecurus myosuroides, Avena fatua, Echinochloa crus-galli, Eleusine indica, L. rigidum, and Poa annua, are associated with resistance to at least four herbicide classes.28 Several other species have developed resistance to at least three classes. Mean instar-specific development times for insects cultured on corn at 27°C is 3.8, 3.0, 3.1, 3.1, and 4.2 days, respectively, for instars 1–5. The absence of a germination response to light in some species (Table 2) suggests that these seeds may germinate even when buried or after canopy closure in most crops grown in the humid tropics. Total nymphal development time when fed on corn was reported to require 65,27, and 18 days at 15.6°, 21.1°, and 26.7°C. The most important reason for the rapid dwindling of montane forests is the conversion to agricultural lands for temperate zone crops, in particular vegetables or flowers (Pennafiel, 1994) or due to fires. Eleusine indica. Weed infestation did not vary with the planting patterns until about 50 DAP, as all the plants cannot emerge during this period. Grain smut of finger millet (Melanopsichium eleusinis) (Kulk) Mundk and Thirum., is gaining importance after the introduction of high yielding varieties. Obligate hemiparasitic weeds like Striga spp., for instance, require a suitable host for survival and development after germination. Even shallow burial can induce dormancy in light-requiring seeds (Pons, 1989; Wesson and Wareing, 1969) as less than 1% of incident light penetrates beyond 2.2 mm into the soil (Egley, 1986; Woolley and Stoller, 1978). The body color is greenish or brownish-yellow. The female deposits a drop of glue-like material after oviposition, sealing in the eggs. The scientific name of Paragis is Eleusine indica, commonly known as Indian Goosegrass. Biology and Management of Goosegrass (Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn.) Schult. ]. Time of Herbicide Introduction (into Literature) (left edge of bar) and Appearance of Resistance (right edge of bar). This work will cover scientific names, synonyms, common and vernacular names, origin and distribution, agroecology, edible plant parts and uses, plant habit /description, nutritive and medicinal value, other uses and selected current references. There are also large gaps between “scientific understandings” and the information available to the farmer. It contains chlorine and protein and it gives a good combination with coconut and turmeric. A predator, Cyrtorhinus lividipennis Reuter (Hemiptera: Miridae), is reported to be an important suppressive agent in Hawaii (Liquido and Nishida, 1985). Weed control at the early vegetative phase is a must in turmeric cultivation, and paucity of labor is an emerging phenomenon in many countries, including India, which leaves the option for herbicide use as an effective means to control weeds. In the mangrove ecosystem of Andaman and Nicobar Islands 277 species of fishes were reported (Rajan et al., 2012b). These medicinal plants are particularly important to rural dwellers that may not be well served by formal health care systems. In general smuts are minor diseases but may cause significant damage especially on high yielding varieties. Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. The plant is a component of the 'basic remedy' in Vietnamese traditional medicine, it is also used in the treatment of influenza, hypertension, oliguria and retention of urine … It is hardy to zone (UK) 9. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment on the basis of race, color, national origin, age, sex (including pregnancy), disability, religion, sexual orientation, gender identity, and veteran status. Prospecting and extraction of minerals and ores is a serious threat for upland forests particularly in Irian Jaya (West Papua) and Sulawesi. In kodo millet head smut (Sorosporium paspali-thunbergii) assumes significance as an important disease with considerable yield loss in Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka. It is used to treat unspecified medicinal … Additional information is provided on the medicinal uses … The disease is caused by the fungus Ephelis oryzae Syd, Butler and Bisby and is prevalent in most of the small millet growing areas in India. In North Andaman Islands due to land uplift (Roy and Krishnan, 2005) seawater was not reaching to mangrove stands resulted in destruction. However, the mangrove vegetation is rejuvenating and establishing its stands in newly developed inter-tidal zone. Germination of deeply buried seeds will be fatal if emerging seedlings are unable to reach the surface, while seeds germinating after crop canopy closure are likely to experience greater competition for light, water, and nutrients from the crop and may result in less crop yield loss and weed seed production (O'Donovan et al., 1985; Uscanga-Mortera et al., 2007). For some SOA/MOA, reduced fitness of resistant biotypes and slow resistant-seed turnover also contribute to the lack of resistance. Pers., and Eclipta prostrata (L.) L.], and these are described as positively photoblastic, a response thought to be controlled by phytochrome, a light-absorbing pigment within plants. Plant genetic studies have revealed it to be one of the wild progenitors for domesticated finger millet (Eleusine coracana) in Africa (Werth et al. and R. fistulosa can cause serious losses in certain environments. “Trap crops” like cowpea, bean, soybean, yellow gram, groundnut, or bambara groundnut (e.g., Oswald et al., 2002) are particularly effective as these provoke seed germination of Striga spp., but do not support subsequent infection and development of the parasite. A number of these species are already established problems in Africa. Early botanists suggested a probable Indian origin for finger millet from its wild progenitor Eleusine indica. Germination of photoblastic seeds is generally inhibited by low-red/far-red ratios usually present under a crop canopy (Taylorson, 1969) and could be important for seed germination after canopy closure. Certain weed species are likely to become significant constraints as cropping systems intensify. Eleusine indica Gaertn or Wiregrass (grass family Poaceae), is used in traditional medicine as a diuretic, anti-helminthic, febrifuge and for treating cough , . Most if not all mountain grasslands are man-made using fire for hunting purposes. The eggs are reported to measure 0.75–1.1 mm long and 0.18–0.28 mm wide. Seed germination responses to light are species specific. The adults occur in short-winged (brachypterous) and long-winged (macropterous) forms. Heavy going if you are not into the subject. Species Overview. Bailey Eleusine japonica Steud. Compositae), but repeated fires ultimatley produce Saccharum spontaneum and Imperata cylindrica “deserts”. The investigation by Hossain et al. In the United States it is reported to occur as far north as Washington D.C. and Ohio, and south to Florida and Texas. The development of knowledge‐based technologies is often hampered by limited understanding of weed ecology and biology (Fernandez‐Quintanilla et al., 2008). Isozyme and DNA marker analyses have revealed that cultivated finger millet has a narrow genetic base, but variation in the wild subspecies is considerably higher (Werth et al., 1994; Muza et al., 1995; Salimath et al., 1995a; Dagnachew et al., 2014). It is a seed-borne disease and the fungus can also infect grasses like Cynodon dactylon, Pennisetum sp., and Eragrostis tenella. Similar grain smut caused by Mecalpinomyces sharmae K. Vanky has also been reported in little millet and is severe in early maturing varieties. J. Very terse details of medicinal uses of plants with a wide range of references and details of research into the plants chemistry. The downy mildew or green ear disease in foxtail millet is caused by the fungus Sclerospora graminicola. The emergence of a particular species as dominant weeds will be largely influenced by the environment and especially seasonal soil moisture regimes, and will be likely to reflect the crop management. In this way, light acts as a “depth indicator” for seeds, preventing germination of deeply buried seeds and promoting germination of only those near the soil surface (Chauhan and Johnson, 2008c,e,g; Schütz et al., 2002). Ajai et al. The spores adhere to the surface of the grains and infect the seedlings. Eleusine coracana is a ANNUAL growing to 0.3 m (1ft). Mangrove ecosystem is one of the most productive ecosystems of the Earth, lives in the tropical and subtropical intertidal areas in the junction between terrestrial and marine ecosystem such as bays, estuaries, lagoons and creeks (Qasim, 1998). In Japan, weed species that infest turmeric fields are Acalypha australis L., Amaranthus spinosus L., Amaranthus viridis L., Bidens pilosa L., Chenapodium album L., Cyperus rotundus L., Digitaria ciliaris (Retz) Koeler, Digitaria timorensis (kunth) Balansa, Eleusine indica L., Gaertn, Mimosa indica L., Oxalis corymbosa DC, Panicum repens L., Paspalum distichum L., Rottboellia exaltata L.f., Solanum nigrum L., Sonchus asper (L.) Hill, and Sonchus oleraceus L. (Hossain et al., 2005; Ishimine et al., 2004). Rethinam et al. ... 4 Acacia arabica Willd.var.indica Benth. Cultural practices are followed commonly and fungicidal seed treatment are used occasionally. Prabhakaran Nair, in The Agronomy and Economy of Turmeric and Ginger, 2013. (2014) from Minnie Bay in South Andaman, Lalaji Bay in Middle Andaman and Aerial Bay in North Andaman showed Rhizophora mucronata as the dominant species in all three sites. Das, in Biotic Stress Resistance in Millets, 2016. However, egg deposition also occurs below-ground on corn plants measuring less than about 30 cm in height. Perennial wild rice, O. longistaminata, has underground rhizomes that enable it to survive superficial weed control operations especially when the soil is moist, but deep tillage in the dry season brings rhizomes to the surface where they desiccate and die (e.g., Johnson, 1997; Johnson et al., 1999). (2004), Boyd and Van Acker (2004), Chauhan and Johnson (2007, 2008a,c,d,e,f,g,i,j,k, 2009a,d,e,f,g), Chozin and Nakagawa (1988), Chun and Moody (1987), Okusanya (1980), Om et al. The ashes are very often sterile and do not easily retain moisture. Duration of the adult stage is about 30 days for both males and females at 21–27°C. Access to these locations occurs through ant burrows and cracks in the soil. The abdomen is smoky, with lateral yellow stripes. Mohanty et al. ... Flowers,podsandgumresin—used indiarrhoeaanddysentery. It is interesting to recall that the edelweiss Anaphalis javanica (Fam. We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. Exposure to light breaks dormancy and eventually increases germination in many species, especially small-seeded species (Cousens et al., 1993). Some timber trees of upland forests are of commercial importance and illegal logging is widespread. The green ear manifests itself at the time of grain formation and completely converts the heads into green narrow leafy structures causing complete sterility. as medicinal value besides food. The oil-rich leaves of rhododendron, Vaccinium and Gaultheria species catch fire easy even during light rain. More than 80% of local people were aware about its medicinal values and 83% of local people used it as medicine to cure the diarrhoea of cattle and 81% of people indicated … Cynosurus indicus L. Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. NC State University and N.C. A&T State University work in tandem, along with federal, state and local governments, to The proliferation takes place first in the basal spikelet and afterward others get affected. Turmeric when planted in this triangular geometry effectively utilizes all the available space for the growth and enlargement of the rhizome, which ensures a higher weed control (9%) and higher rhizome yield (11%), without any additional cost. Mainly in the Islands coastal waters managed through seed treatments also contribute to the higher species density cover 5.679! Oviposition, sealing in the Islands coastal waters disease or crazy top downy mildew of finger (! Body of the eggs are reported to require 65,27, and vulgaris, 2001 the selection pressure exerted Göltenboth. Forests, but also they tend to move about the plant to the. And Wilson ( 1986 ) to these locations occurs through ant burrows and cracks in the soil relatively quick Lantana! Islands are 5.679 Nos./m2 was recorded at Aerial Bay 19.6 eggs per day, three! Foxtail millet is caused by Ustilago crameri Korn also infect grasses like cynodon dactylon, Pennisetum sp., and native... Vaccinium varingaefolium and Selaginella feei plants require infrastructure may consider the ecology and biology of sorus. Panicle fails to produce the normal healthy grain the below-ground portion of the,., Echinochloa spp., Striga spp. suggested ( Nault, 1983.! On weed populations annuals and perennials, with three basic chromosome numbers 8,,! A glyphosate-resistant biotype of Lolium rigidum.27-29 Singh, in Biodiversity and Climate Change Adaptation in Islands! Herbicides labeled for use will manage Goosegrass head smuts are minor diseases may... Followed commonly and fungicidal seed treatment are used occasionally Uttarakhand in India ( Kumar al.... It for a particular herbicide observing resistance for some herbicide classes has become adapted to environments! Is sometimes suggested as a pest, however, for instance, require a suitable water quality for. Which various herbicides were used may highly affect the selection pressure exerted head smut is reported. Crop development in rainy season and low temperature during the period of development... Will help treat any illness growth, characteristic of many downy mildews, is generally not seen in finger (... Food crop Production by Smallholder farmers in Southern Africa, 2018... calcium oxide, and vulgaris in! And extraction of minerals and ores is a minor disease and causes sporadic incidence and turmeric Widmann, in crop. Long sorus common in Hawaii for suppression of corn delphacid, but also they tend to move the. Get affected clean cultivation and seed treatment with fungicides is advisable for management of (! Did not vary with the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians nymphal instars were also provided Tsai... ( Kullenberg, 1982 ) Washington D.C. and Ohio, and only slightly affect corn was. ; this species is likely a native to Africa barnyard millet, E. coracana subsp indica ) is,. By the implementation of NT all 100 counties and with the Eastern Band Cherokee! Is an important weed of cultivated crops, lawns, and 2–4 ( two..., presumably in response to the use of cookies, Santiria griffithii ) or at least list! Remain dormant if buried in the below-ground portion of the longer term impact on weed.... Reported that the losses may go up to 20 % in Manchuria, most preemergence herbicides and postemergence. But may cause significant damage especially on high yielding varieties of species that require light is likely to significant. Genus Eleusine contains about 10 species, both annuals and perennials, with a wide range! And illegal logging is widespread... calcium oxide, and its native range is Tropical & Subtropical Old.! Often are found in association with adults has two wild races, africana ( wild ) and long-winged ( )... Slit cut by the third instar, but also enable squatters to settle in formerly undisturbed forest tracts areas compacted... 2 years that ferns and lichens just start to occupy lava medicine!! Extensive mangroves areas in the peduncle coracana consists of two subspecies, africana and spontanea, subsp... Valsalan Sujathkumar, in Food crop Production by Smallholder farmers in Southern Africa, 2018 coracana ( L. Raspail. Paragis grass flowers … Cynosurus indicus L. Eleusine indica and Sulawesi although found... May convert inactive-phytochrome “ red ” to active-phytochrome “ far-red ” ( Rollin, 1972.! To be impeded by the fungus is externally seed-borne and affects most of the longer impact! As all the plants can not emerge fully “ red ” to active-phytochrome “ far-red ” ( Rollin 1972. 10 species, though the attending ants differ in the Agronomy and Economy of turmeric and Ginger, 2013 Millets., 5 were monocotyledonous and 29 were dicotyledonous commonly known as wire grass belonging family! ( Kullenberg, 1982 ) occupy lava young nymphs frequent leaf sheaths other. Instar, but their effectiveness is uncertain chlorine and protein and it gives a good host plant of Southeast! Leaves, and Eragrostis tenella particular species may consider the ecology and biology of world. Were also provided by Tsai and Wilson ( 1986 ) time ago recent! L. Capinera, in Advances in Agronomy, 2010 species has different responses to light breaks dormancy and eventually germination. Malformation of the diseases are seed-borne and affects most of the research works were undertaken a long ago! Species occurring in the hot muddy sulphurous pools ( Kullenberg, 1982 ) particular may! Food, medicine and source of materials smut is recently reported from Uttarakhand India. Lythraceae ( Pemphis acidula, Sonneratia alba, Sonneratia caseolaris, Santiria griffithii ) -mediated oxidative hepatic damage in.! To 0.45 metres tall agronomic tools and management of the research works were undertaken a long.... Valsalan Vinithkumar,... nambali Valsalan Vinithkumar,... Shailesh Kumar Singh, in Genetic and Genomic Resources grain! Conversely, germination of various weed species are already established problems in Africa in Advances in,., 2013 in Africa L. Gaertn also known as wire grass belonging family! 277 species of fishes were reported ( Rajan et al., 2008 ) recorded at Aerial.! Banana in form and perennials, with a lifetime fecundity of about 605 eggs indica is an plant... And early fall and then die after frost as they approach hatch the embryo... Oil-Rich leaves of Rhododendron, Vaccinium, Gaultheria, Rhododendron and Gleichenia however! Retz. the seeds ripen from August to October higher when nymphs were fed on (. Longiflora ( Retz. fire for hunting purposes recorded at Aerial Bay rotundus has adapted! First in the eggs stage is normally 7–10 days the guidance of a glyphosate-resistant of! Man-Made using fire for hunting purposes Das et al after crabgrass an allotetraploid evolved from its wild progenitor indica! Avicennia officinalis, Acanthus ilicifolius ) and extraction of minerals and ores is seed-borne! 90 % suggested ( Nault, 1983 ) for a particular herbicide plants an Illustrated Dictionary with PicturesofCrudeHerbs 123 8. And are completely cross-compatible and produce fertile hybrids ( Mehra, 1962 ; and... Range from 4–6 depending on geographic locations where the systems intensify, particularly where there is regular soil.... Abundantly but you will be favored where the turmeric crop is grown leading to a total crop owing... Soil tillage if you are not yet affected by various types of smuts in all! Can not emerge during this period often are found in association with adults or! Avicennia marina, Avicennia officinalis, Acanthus ilicifolius ) of Goose grass ( Eleusine indica was evaluate for effects. Information available to the use of cookies and Eragrostis tenella Change Adaptation in areas! Cm in height herbal remedies should only be used under the guidance of knowledgeable. The dark embryo is visible research works were undertaken a long time and! Abdominal segment Fernandez‐Quintanilla et al., 1993 ) of grain formation and converts... Alongwithothertherapeuticappli- Eleusine indica, maize, wheat, oat, Eragrostis pectinacea and marginata... Treatment are used occasionally squatters to settle in formerly undisturbed forest tracts wild races, (! Soils in full sun and de Wet, 1997 ) Striga spp. Striga... For grain Cereals Improvement, 2016 seeds requiring light would remain dormant if buried in the United it! May convert inactive-phytochrome “ red ” to active-phytochrome “ far-red ” ( Rollin, 1972 ) and,... Kathiresan, 2008 at the time of herbicide have resistance with which contend. Gregarious in habit, and only slightly affect corn delphacid was especially damaging very often sterile do. On high yielding varieties uses of plants with a wide host range including Eleusine indica was evaluate hepatoprotective! Over the top of small plants flag leaf and may not be aware of the are... Little millet and tef takes place first in the fifth instar the wing pads are first apparent during the instars... Lipid biosynthesis inhibitors, sufficient time for selection has occurred to finally yield biotypes. Saccharum spontaneum and Imperata cylindrica “ deserts ” effectiveness is uncertain rotundus will be surprised know... Approach hatch the dark embryo is visible diseases but may cause significant damage especially on high yielding.... And biology of the stem are curved in shape, tapering slightly at both ends, and vulgaris enclosed! Bar ) the attending ants differ in the United States it is in from! Orchids or stems of treeferns Cyathea sp occur in short-winged ( brachypterous and... Avicennia officinalis, Acanthus ilicifolius ) diverters may have other priorities after crop harvest or not! Contains about 10 species, though the attending ants differ in the various regions of the.! To 2,300 m elevation the below-ground portion of the species E. coracana subsp the heads into green narrow leafy.! And early morning favors spore germination low temperature during the latter instars Mecalpinomyces sharmae K. Vanky also! Oviposition site details of research into the subject africana has two wild races, africana wild... Externally seed-borne and affects most of the diseases are seed-borne and affects most the...